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When there is an expectation of lower income in the future, what is the effect on the demand curve for a normal good?
Answer : A
In Global Economics for Managers, demand for a normal good increases with income and decreases when income falls. If consumers expect lower future income, demand for normal goods decreases, causing the demand curve to shift left, making option A correct.
A leftward shift indicates that at every price, consumers are willing and able to purchase less of the good. Expectations about future income influence present consumption decisions, especially for durable and discretionary goods.
Options C and D incorrectly describe movement along a demand curve rather than a shift. Option B would apply if income were expected to rise.
Therefore, option A is correct.
What is an example of a transaction accounted for in the net exports component of GDP?
Answer : C
Net exports equal exports minus imports. Option C is correct because buying a car from a different country is an import transaction, and imports are included in the net exports calculation as a subtraction. This transaction affects GDP because spending on foreign-produced goods must be removed from domestic production measures. Option A is generally consumption if the food is domestically purchased. Option B is government spending because a member of Congress is paid by the government. Option D is investment because new residential construction is counted as investment in GDP accounting. Net exports help managers understand the role of international trade in national output, currency demand, and market exposure. A country importing more than it exports has negative net exports.
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Which transaction is included in the consumption component of GDP?
Answer : C
In Global Economics for Managers, the consumption component of GDP includes household spending on goods and services, making option C correct.
When a person pays for a haircut, it represents a direct purchase of a service by a household. Consumption is the largest component of GDP in most economies and includes spending on nondurable goods, durable goods, and services.
Option A is classified as investment. Option B is government spending. Option D is an export, counted in net exports.
Thus, option C correctly identifies a consumption transaction.
What is one of the three primary types of foreign exchange transactions?
Answer : B
In Global Economics for Managers, spot transactions are one of the three primary types of foreign exchange transactions, making option B correct. Spot transactions involve the immediate exchange of currencies, typically settled within two business days.
The three main foreign exchange transactions are:
Spot transactions
Forward transactions
Swap transactions
Spot transactions form the foundation of currency trading and are widely used for international trade payments and short-term currency needs.
Options C and D describe strategies rather than transaction types.
Thus, option B is correct.
Which pillar of formal institutions represents the coercive power of governments?
Answer : C
In Global Economics for Managers, the regulatory pillar of formal institutions represents the coercive power of governments, making option C correct. Regulatory institutions consist of laws, rules, regulations, and enforcement mechanisms that shape economic behavior through rewards and punishments.
The regulatory pillar relies on the authority of the state to enforce compliance. Governments impose sanctions such as fines, imprisonment, or license revocation to ensure adherence to laws. For firms, this pillar defines what is legally permissible in areas such as labor practices, taxation, environmental standards, and competition policy.
The other institutional pillars---normative and cognitive---do not rely on coercion. Normative institutions are based on social norms and values, while cognitive institutions reflect shared beliefs and taken-for-granted assumptions.
Understanding the regulatory pillar is essential for managers because violations can result in severe legal and financial consequences. Thus, option C correctly identifies the pillar associated with government coercive power.
